Income and Disposable Income Essay Example for Free

Salary and Disposable Income Essay Salary will mean money pay before charges, and will incorporate government move installments, for example, joblessness protection benefits, family remittance installments, annuities, government assistance help, and so forth. Discretionary cashflow explicitly centers around the measure of pay accessible for private utilization and spending. Discretionary cashflow thinks about the truth that salary is vigorously affected by net pay, yet additionally by variables, for example, government move levels, tax assessment levels, and expansion. Extra cash is characterized in two different ways: * Income after government and common personal duties * Income after assessments, work protection and Canada Pension Plan Optional Income is Disposable Income after derivations for fundamental necessities, for example, food, dress, cover, transportation, social insurance, individual consideration, and so forth. Life-Cycle State individuals change the merchandise and enterprises they purchase over their lifetimes. Purchasing is likewise molded by the phase of the family life cycle-the phases through which families may disregard as they develop time. Advertisers regularly characterize their objective markets regarding life-cycle organize and create suitable items and promoting plans. Overall, genuine extra cash has developed at an extremely moderate pace of 0.05% from 1980 to 1998. This fluctuates from 0.32% for a group of 2 guardians with youngsters, 0.14% for monetary groups of 2 people or progressively, 0.09% for old families to 0.31% for solitary parent families. These figures have improved in the course of the most recent 3 years. In 2000, genuine discretionary cashflow per capita developed 2.7%, its most grounded development rate in longer than 10 years. The above graph shows the rate change in expansion balanced wages of families with kids for the most reduced fifth of families to those in the top fifth of family wages from the late 1970s to 1997. It tends to be seen that for the most minimal fifth of families genuine livelihoods fell 21% during recent decades, while wages for the most elevated fifth expanded 30%. That is a serious swing. Further, the graph appears for the center fifth of family earnings their present expansion balanced pay is about 3% under 2 decades prior. That is straightforward as can be. No big surprise family sparing fell while family obligation proportions took off. Take a gander at this outline. The top family workers expanded pay 30% above swelling in those 2 decades. In any case, if perceive that 30% genuine pay development more than 2 decades is nevertheless 1.16% normal every year intensified above expansion, it isn't so incredible, particularly contrasted with all normal family earnings expanding at a yearly pace of 3-4% above swelling before 1970, most with one breadwinner for each family. As such, this graph proposed that the top family workers since the 1970s exacerbated out than did all average family earnings before 1970. Obviously the least fortunate fifth saw their genuine family salary drop 21% recent years or about 1.12% every year beneath swelling rates. This shows how emotional long haul suggestions can be, simply 2% every year isolating top and lower workers and how much less fortunate is all out family pay execution currently contrasted with previously. The advertisers can utilize these insights to appraise the future pattern of individuals purchasing conduct. So as to grow new advancements or sell methodologies, these insights would assist advertiser with deciding what they need to change to acquire benefits.

The philosophy of psychology

Presentation Over time logicians have checked out inquisitive about the different logical fields. For example, they have looked into examining the grounds on which certain logical fields are established.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The way of thinking of brain science explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rationalists have in this manner made incredible advances into exploring material science, science and, brain research in extraordinary detail. In any case, savants have then again distinguished different philosophical issues about these sciences that should be examined. From an expansive perspective, reasoning of brain research is an endeavor to put brain science inside the more extensive range of scholarly examination. It is against such a setting, that this paper embarks to endeavor a request that will take a gander at the different fragments of mental request as hypothesized. The paper will likewise give a notion to the few cases in bra in research just as shed some light on the interrelatedness among brain research and different sciences. Theory of brain science Psychology contains different branches. It is these branches that way of thinking of brain research endeavors to explore. Since the branches are based sure establishments, the way of thinking sets to explore these with the end goal of making them understood or giving additional data that explain their establishment that explain their establishments. As indicated by Bermudez (2005), Philosophy of brain research can be portrayed as â€Å"an examination of the philosophical establishments of psychology†. He further shows the particular idea of the way of thinking of brain science since its area of examination covers by that â€Å"domain of request which the logicians have taken to be their own save (Bermudez 2005). Accordingly, the significant worry of reasoning of brain science is has to do with psyche and discernment. Thinkers of brain research have to a more noteworthy degree been confronted with the circumstance of obtaining from subjective science. This field, in this way, manages extraordinary parts of science and cognizance. Mental States Mental states establish a zone that has been of worry to brain research. The spot of these states has been reached through both experience and test. Therefore, tests recommend the poor route through which individuals approach likelihood. Likewise, when confronted with probabilistic issue, many would wind up propelling incorrectly decisions. This implies individuals do attribute a few qualities to mental states (O’Donohue Kitchener 1996). It is additionally observed that every individual can survey own psychological states through the procedure of thoughtfulness. Here one unmistakably watches own psychological states. However, this is rather than the possibility that proof must be showed from general visibility for example third individual view.Advertising Looking for paper on brai n research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Behaviorism is a school of brain science which attempts to respond to the inquiry whether the parts of brain science could be broke down through logical hypothesis (Symons Calvo 2009). The behaviorists dismissed that psychological states had something to do with brain research. John Watson, the dad of behaviorism, felt that brain research could in any case exist without partner its psychological states, the brain and even substance. He in this manner propelled the part of improvement and reaction. He felt that those were the significant viewpoints that administered conduct. This is not normal for the prior emphasis on brain science and contemplation. Watson dismissed thoughtfulness since, he asserted, it couldn't plainly be deductively dissected. Thoughtfulness as a logical procedure, has evoked a ton of discussion as the outcomes couldn't be duplicated. Behaviorism really consign ed the dependence on inconspicuous wonders to the outskirts. The psychological viewpoints that were satisfactory were those that displayed detectable elements. Behaviorists studied discovering why certain practices just happened under specific situations (upgrades). They, along these lines, concocted two records. These records were traditional molding and operant molding. One particular thing about these two records is that they don't had anything to do with the mentalist angles. Pavlov, in traditional molding placed that different creatures do react to certain natural conditions (improvements), in this way, characterizing conduct. A sound would be made and food given. The pooch, in the wake of taking note of this example of occasions, would begin salivating. Thus, the pooch would begin salivating exactly at unimportant becoming aware of this sound delivered. The operant molding hypothesis was created by B.F Skinner and Thorndike. This has since placed conduct into two kinds; those reactions related when explicit upgrades are introduced for example food, and those not related with food (operants). Skinner felt that at whatever point any conduct is fortified, the specific activity gets created. For instance, should a rodent get food by squeezing the switch, it will keep squeezing it. It is thusly against the job that behaviorism has played on brain research that the hypothesis has increased a great deal of ground. Be that as it may, behaviorism has been dismissed because of certain defects. This dismissal came out of its constrained extent of clarification. One other serious issue with the hypothesis is that Skinner’s see neglects to clarify the day by day conduct of people, for example, it doesn't completely clarify how language is procured by youngsters. Kids learn it with no type of conditioning.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The way of thinking of brain research explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The significan t evaluate is that the scholars neglect to recognize other interceding factors that separate conduct and boosts. It is this significant disappointment that therapists have felt it pivotal to likewise incorporate the main considerations that additionally intercede. Chomsky has been the primary pundit to express the shortcoming of the hypothesis, particularly with regards to etymological obtaining. Accordingly, he stated, in as much as nature of the student is essential to language procurement, the job of the learner’s singular commitment can't be disregarded. Another issue with behaviorism is that its clarifications are just adequate when applied to straightforward creatures exposed to exceptionally controlled trial situations as it were. The declaration is additionally debilitated in complex living beings. For example, the issue of language procurement in youngsters can't be essentially clarified as the mental behaviorists appear to set. At the point when such complex standar ds of conduct are placed in thought, the behaviorist clarification turns out to be increasingly improbable. Cognitivism emerged out of the enlivening that behaviorist methodology proved unable, carefully address some appropriate issues in showed as before observed (Thagard 2007). Along these lines, Noam Chomsky, through his deals with language procurement, punched openings into behaviorist methodology. As behaviorists attempted to clarify the obtaining of all conduct through explicit instruments of learning, Chomsky felt that some standards of conduct are administered by a specific degree of nature. He bolstered his case of characteristic in a portion of the creatures since a portion of the practices came very right off the bat in the life of the creatures, without even the creatures having experienced any learning forms. Chomsky found the human dialects as being excessively intricate and inalienably intrinsic. For example, he says that speakers can grasp and even produce new senten ce never heard or spoken (Thagard 2007). This implies the obtaining was not because of behaviorist systems. Behaviorists, for example, can't clarify why language is beneficial. This makes the cases by the behaviorists further farfetched. From this discovering, Chomsky proposes that there must be a few arrangements of procedure that occur inside the human psyche that are behind this issue of language efficiency. He feels that the arrangement of instruments are intellectually spoken to. He alludes to the standards as â€Å"generative grammar†. Chomsky and different scholars felt that the human brain, much the same as the PC, performs activities dependent on a lot of decides and components that educate conduct improvement. These portrayals show up as structures of information with the end goal that, much the same as in PCs, they represent genuine articles and perspectives in reality. The cognitivists feel that these inside portrayals, when mapped with results, they can tell whic h results are fitting and which ones are not.Advertising Searching for exposition on brain research? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Nativism This hypothesis additionally profited by Chomsky’s commitment. In it, it is accepted, the human psyche has inbuilt inborn structures that upgrade our psychological capacities. The natural abilities incorporate ideas, components and even convictions. The nativists really accept the brain comes furnished with a very much manufactured natural structure (Botterill Carruthers 1999). The thought of characteristic has, be that as it may, created a lot of turmoil. Empiricists and nativists just vary in the measure of characteristic that the human psyche is made out of. Another discussion is that if the nature creates with time is it option to allude to it as ‘innate?’ An intrinsic characteristic ought to be one that isn't impacted by any outside condition or condition (Bermudez 2005). Particularity Modularity, as indicated by Fodor, alludes to those unmistakable psychological procedures present in the human brain. As Fodor alluded to them as ‘modulesâ€℠¢, Chomsky alluded to them as â€Å"mental organs†. It is really accepted that the human brain is particular and that different modules act distinctively while taking care of various undertakings. End The article has taken a gander at the different parts of theory of brain research. Logicians have enormously added to the establishments of brain science. T

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Must Have Botched the Interview

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Must Have Botched the Interview Maybe you are among the unlucky applicants who were/are on the outside looking in this year, shaking your head trying to understand why you did not get into an MBA program. As you look back and assess where you went wrong, you may narrow your focus and re-examine your interviews. After all, you were invited to interview but were rejected thereafter, so there must be a cause-and-effect relationship, right?  Your rejection  must mean that everything was at stake during those 30 to 60 minutes and that your interviewer just did not feel that you are of the caliber preferred by your target school, right?  Not at all. Bruce DelMonico, the Yale School of Management (SOM) assistant dean for admissions, explained to mbaMission that the school uses a “consensus decision-making model [in which] we all need to agree on an outcome for an applicant [to be accepted].” Each file is read multiple times. With the need for a consensus, we can safely conclude that the committee is not waiting on the interview as  the  determinant. There is no post-interview snap judgment but rather serious thought and reflection by the admissions officers. Although we have discussed this topic before, it is worth repeating that no simple formula exists for MBA admissions and that the evaluation process is thorough and not instinctive/reactive.  Yes, a disastrous interview can certainly hurt youâ€"but if you felt positively about your experience, you should not worry that you botched it and that this was  the  determinant of the admissions committee’s decision. mbaMission offers even more interview advice in our free  Interview Primers, which are available for 17 top-ranked business schools. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Must Have Botched the Interview Maybe you are among the unlucky applicants who were/are on the outside looking in this year, shaking your head trying to understand why you did not get into an MBA program. As you look back and assess where you went wrong, you may narrow your focus and re-examine your interviews. After all, you were invited to interview but were rejected thereafter, so there must be a cause-and-effect relationship, right?  Your rejection  must mean that everything was at stake during those 30 to 60 minutes and that your interviewer just did not feel that you are of the caliber preferred by your target school, right?  Wrong. Bruce DelMonico, the Yale School of Management (SOM) assistant dean for admissions, explained to mbaMission that the school uses a “consensus decision-making model [in which] we all need to agree on an outcome for an applicant [to be accepted].” Each file is read multiple times. With the need for a consensus, we can safely conclude that the committee is not waiting on the interview as  the  determinant. There is no post-interview snap judgment but rather serious thought and reflection by the admissions officers. Although we have discussed this topic before, it is worth repeating that no simple formula exists for MBA admissions and that the evaluation process is thorough and not instinctive/reactive.  Yes, a disastrous interview can certainly hurt youâ€"but if you felt positively about your experience, you should not worry that you botched it and that this was  the  determinant of the admissions committee’s decision. mbaMission offers even more interview advice in our free  Interview Primers, which are available for 17 top-ranked business schools. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Must Have Botched the Interview Maybe you are among the unlucky applicants who were/are on the outside looking in this year, shaking your head trying to understand why you did not get into an MBA program. As you look back and assess where you went wrong, you may narrow your focus and re-examine your interviews. After all, you were invited to interview but were rejected thereafter, so there must be a cause-and-effect relationship, right?  Your rejection  must mean that everything was at stake during those 30 minutes and that your interviewer just did not feel that you are of the caliber preferred by your target school, right?  Wrong. A former Wharton admissions director previously explained to us that there are no post-interview snap judgments. At Wharton, files are read multiple times before and after the interview, and “the interview report is placed into the file [after the interview], and the file gets recirculated and read a fourth time by a member of the admissions committee. It may get read a fifth time or even a sixth time. [For] most applications at that point, it gets pretty competitive,” according to the former admissions director. At Wharton, the admissions committee is not waiting for an enthusiastic report to confirm a decision it has already made; rather, the committee is using the interview as a part of the evaluative process as it weighs applicants against their peers. Bruce DelMonico, the Yale School of Management (SOM) assistant dean for admissions, explained to mbaMission that the school uses a “consensus decision-making model [in which] we all need to agree on an outcome for an applicant [to be accepted].” Like at Wharton, each file is read multiple times. With the need for a consensus, we can safely conclude that the committee is not waiting on the interview as  the  determinant. Again, there is no post-interview snap judgment but rather serious thought and reflection by the admissions officers. Although we have discussed this topic before, it is worth repeating that no simple formula exists for MBA admissions and that the evaluation process is thorough and not instinctive/reactive.  Yes, a disastrous interview can certainly hurt youâ€"but if you felt positively about your experience, you should not worry that you botched it and that this was  the  determinant of the admissions committee’s decision. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Must Have Botched the Interview Maybe you are one of the unlucky applicants on the outside looking in this year, shaking your head and struggling to understand why you were not accepted to your target MBA program. As you look back and assess where things might have gone wrong, you could end up focusing unduly on your interviews. After all, you were invited to interview but were rejected thereafter, so there must be a cause-and-effect relationship, right? Your rejection must mean that everything was at stake during those 30 to 60 minutes and that your interviewer just did not feel that you are of the caliber preferred by your target school, right? Not at all. Bruce DelMonico, the Yale School of Management (SOM) assistant dean for admissions, explained to mbaMission that the school uses a “consensus decision-making model [in which] we all need to agree on an outcome for an applicant [to be accepted].” Each file is read multiple times. We can safely conclude that with the need for a consensus, the committee is not waiting on the interview as the determinant. Admissions officers do not make any post-interview snap judgments but rather dedicate serious thought and reflection to their decision making. Although we have discussed this topic before, we should repeat that no simple formula exists for MBA admissions and that the evaluation process is thorough and not instinctive or reactive. Yes, a disastrous interview can certainly hurt youâ€"but if you felt positively about your experience, you should not worry that you botched it and that this was the sole deciding factor for the admissions committee. mbaMission offers even more interview advice in our free  Interview Guides, which are available for 17 top-ranked business schools. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Must Have Botched the Interview Maybe you are among the unlucky applicants who were/are on the outside looking in this year, shaking your head trying to understand why you did not get into an MBA program. As you look back and assess where you went wrong, you may narrow your focus and re-examine your interviews. After all, you were invited to interview but were rejected thereafter, so there must be a cause-and-effect relationship, right?  Your rejection  must mean that everything was at stake during those 30 to 60 minutes and that your interviewer just did not feel that you are of the caliber preferred by your target school, right?  Wrong. Bruce DelMonico, the Yale School of Management (SOM) assistant dean for admissions, explained to mbaMission that the school uses a “consensus decision-making model [in which] we all need to agree on an outcome for an applicant [to be accepted].” Each file is read multiple times. With the need for a consensus, we can safely conclude that the committee is not waiting on the interview as  the  determinant. There is no post-interview snap judgment but rather serious thought and reflection by the admissions officers. Although we have discussed this topic before, it is worth repeating that no simple formula exists for MBA admissions and that the evaluation process is thorough and not instinctive/reactive.  Yes, a disastrous interview can certainly hurt youâ€"but if you felt positively about your experience, you should not worry that you botched it and that this was  the  determinant of the admissions committee’s decision. mbaMission offers even more interview advice in our FREE  Interview Primers,  which are available for 17 top-ranked business schools. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Interviews

The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams - 979 Words

The Glass Menagerie, a short play by Tennessee Williams delves into the inner workings of a multifarious family. The Wingfield family struggles together with the past, the yet to come and how to endure each other’s company. Williams’ production utilizes an extensive range of symbolization throughout the short story in order to parallel the struggles and triumphs each character manifests. From the iconic Mr. Wingfield picture frame, to the remedying getaway of the fire escape, Tennessee exposes the audience to a selection of symbols. Ultimately, if one symbol was to represent the story from start to end, the one of a kind transcendent glass unicorn encompasses the story best. The unordinary glass horned horse symbolizes illusion versus reality, and coupled with the story’s four prominent characters, crafts a curtain-raiser with powerful implications. Although not actively present throughout the play, Mr. Wingfield’s lack of presence hinders the family substantially. The void created by his departure is magnified most by Amanda and coincidentally causes Amanda to live a life of bitterness and fear. â€Å"The future becomes the present, the present the past, and the past turns into everlasting regret if you don’t plan for it†(Williams 1628). This quote personifies Amanda perfectly due to the confrontational fashion in which she conducts herself. She’s constantly reminding both Tom and Laura how to live life, how to present themselves, and most importantly, how vital family unityShow MoreRelatedThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams985 Words   |  4 Pageshardly catch it going. ¨ This quote by the author of The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams, describes both The Glass Menagerie, a memory play, and the life of Tennessee Williams himself, for whom memories played a large role in his life. Within the play, many parallels can be drawn between the life of Williams and the life of Tom, the main character, such as a disdain for factory work. In addition, several characters in The Glass Menagerie have a difficult time fitting into the roles that theirRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams was a renowned Pulitzer Prize-winning playwriter for his numerous plays throughout his career. One of such plays is The Glass Menagerie. After perfecting his play for many years, The Glass Menagerie was first introduced to Broadway on March 31, 1945. As a young writer, Williams lived vicariously through his plays. Throughout this play in particular, there are several allegories that pertain to Williams life. Although Williams had a relatively happy childhood, his life changedRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams986 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie, is a classic drama about a young man who is tired of his dull and boring existence. Tom, the main character, struggles to deal with his family, who is apparently holding him back in life. With the use of powerful writing techniques, Williams is able to captivate his audience and create a play that has stood the test of time. An excellent writing technique employed by Williams that contributes to The Glass Menagerie’s success is his use of plot. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams932 Words   |  4 Pages THE GLASS MENAGERIE Name Instructor Institution Course Date The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, the author in the play †The Glass Menagerie† that is based on his life that presents characters that, as caught animals in an cage, live in woeful states and just wish to unravel themselves from this state (Fisher, 2010). The primary clash in the story emerges through their longing to encounter a different world, but their condition opens them to life s unforgiving realities. LifeRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1249 Words   |  5 Pagesthe outside world The Glass Menagerie is very interesting because William s play relates to alot of people and their situations, people can learn alot from it alot whether they connect to Amanda and her past or to Laura and her lack of confidence and being in a world of her own or to Tom and his internal conflict about abandoning his family or staying with them. Laura s life is all about her glass menageries what happens when her glass unicorn breaks? What happens when a gentlemanRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1619 Words   |  7 PagesIsolation is prevalent in â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† by Tennessee Williams. This is presented in symbols such as blue roses and the glass unicorn, for they are imagined objects and only existent in another fantasy world. Williams incorporates such arcane symbols to draw out his characters, Amanda, Laura, and Tom, and how they cope with confinement. Most importantly, the symbols of the play represent how isolation debilita tes them psychologically in an attempt to connect with reality. The jonquils representRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee William1014 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† of Tennessee William, he wrote a drama play to emphasize readers about the life is at a standstill the Wingfield family. Through of the Wingfield family, he uses many symbols which represent many things, but the important main symbolization is fire escape that shows three main characters; Tom Wingfield, his fire escape is the way out of Amanda and Laura. Amanda Wingfield, hope gentlemen callers to enter their lives, and Laura Wingfield, who wants in her own worldRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams, born Thomas Lanier Williams, wrote The Glass Menagerie, a play which premiered in Chicago in 1944. This award winning play, autobiographical in nature, represented a time in which Williams felt the obligation of his responsibilities in regards to the care of his family. Robert DiYanni, Adjunct Professor of Humanities at New York University, rated it as, â€Å"One of his best-loved plays...a portrayal of loneliness among characters who confuseRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesIn Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie, there is a collection of glass animal figurines that belong to Laura. Laura uses those figurines to escape her reality. The â€Å"glass menagerie† is also a metaphor because all of the characters have a metaphorical glass menagerie that they use to escape their reality. Tom escapes his reality by going to the movies, drinking, and writing poetry. Tom says, â€Å"I go to the movies because – I like adventure†¦ something I don’t have much of at work† (Williams 33)Read MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams867 Words   |  4 Pagesdraw the line between getting what you want and doing what you are obligated to do? In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, the main characters are torn between fulfilling their desires and aligning with their role in society. On the surface, Amanda Wingfield plays the role of a caring mother that would do anything in her children’s best interest. However, according to the play, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, you should never be fooled by the â€Å"Illusion of the truth.† She indeed values her children’s

The Progressive Era Of Social And Political Reform

During the time from the 1890s to the 1920s a period of social and political reform took place in the United States known as the Progressive Era. â€Å"The era saw the expansion of political and economic freedom through the reinvigoration of the moment for woman suffrage, the use of political power to expand workers rights’ and efforts to improve democratic government by weakening the power of the city bosses and giving ordinary citizens more influence on legislation.† The progressive reformers from this time gained a majority of their support from the education middle-class of urban areas. Another term used to describe these reformers is Muckrakers. Muckrakers were investigative journalists who tried to make the public aware of the problems in society that needed fixing. They stemmed from yellow journalism, which was a style of reporting that used exaggeration to attract readers. In a speech made by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906, the term muckraker was used in a derogatory way, he â€Å" borrowed the word from John Bunyan s Puritan story Pilgrim s Progress, which spoke of a man with a â€Å"Muck-rake in his hand† who raked filth rather than look up to nobler things.† However, it eventually came to take on a positive overtone due to the serious social issues of the progressive era the muckrakers had underlined. The muckrakers during the progressive era inspired Americans to take action and hence are responsible for the social change that took place at that time. LincolnShow MoreRelatedThe progressive era in the United States is associated with political reforms and social change.1400 Words   |  6 Pages The progressive era in the United States is associated with political reforms and social change. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the United States’ power was experienced across the globe. Business firms experienced immense growth making some owners excessively rich. On the other hand, the American people experienced unhappiness owing to some problems at home. Workers in the huge corporations did not experience considerable changes in their lives. Employees were subjected to severe workingRead MoreThe Progressive Era And The New Deal1103 Words   |  5 Pages Despite existing during two different times in the history of the United States, it can be argued that the New Deal reforms reflected the reform traditions of the Progressive Era. When examining the New Deal, Progressive influence is evident based first off of the social and political issues addressed by reforms. Second, the reforms from the two times themselves are uncannily similar, again due to the focus on the same problems existing in the United States. In addition to this, the icing on theRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The 19th Century1463 Words   |  6 PagesMeyer Progressive Era DBQ Toward the latter part of the 19th century, bustling America, in response to the trends of industrialization and urbanization that characterized its Gilded Age, began its new century by entering into a new historical/political epoch that came to be known as the Progressive Era. This distinctive period in history (spanning from the 1890s through 1920) found progressives seeking to use the American federal government as a means of change through social, political, and economicRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Gilded Age1455 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the progressive era there were many reform movements due to the abundance of political, social, and economical corruption in America in the gilded age as seen by political machines like William Marcy tweed and American financiers like J.P. Morgan. Some of the many issues that made themselves present in the gilded age include the large wealth gap, child labor, women’s lack of rights, influx of immigrants, Urbanization, India n wars, monopolists, political machines, and alcoholism. All ofRead MoreThe During The Progressive Era989 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, various groups responded to the political, social, and economic woes that resulted from the rapid industrialization and urbanization of America during the 19th Century. The mass immigration of foreigners and the northern migration of Africa-Americans led to urban overcrowding and competition for wage-paying jobs. Electric lighting allowed factories to expand the working hours and increase the output of manufactured goods. There was little regulation for employee welfareRead MoreReform in the United States813 Words   |  4 PagesThe Progressive and New Deal Eras are two of the most important and defining periods in American history. Through initiatives and reform passed during these times, America was changed politically, socially and economically. These changes affected all Americans in some way or another, but had significan t impact on specific groups of American citizens. Whatever their impact, these eras jumpstarted and continued reform initiatives for our country that provided a model for tackling current issues inRead MoreDealing with the Class Gap During the Progressive Era830 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Progressive Era, one of the most noteworthy issues to discuss would be that of the working class and the businessmen of the first quarter of the 1900s. The reason why these two portions of society within the Progressive Era are the most relevant to discuss stems from the fact that during the Progressive Era there was a great gap between the upper-class (businessmen) and the lower-class (working class). It was during this time that the country was experiencing great changes to its political platformRead MoreThe Progressive Era857 Words   |  3 PagesRegardless of what happened in different eras of history one thing always holds true, it made America who they are as a country. From the late 19th ce ntury into the early 20th century America went through one of these transformations with the birth of the progressive era. It left it’s imprint on American culture and will continue to for decades to come. The decades that worried America and its future were shortly after the Civil War. The political, social, and economic abuses were threatened. AlthoughRead MoreProgressive Era Essay712 Words   |  3 PagesThe Progressive Era The progressive era was a time period in America after reconstruction that took place from 1900 to 1920. The progressive era focused mainly on social and political reform, trying to fix Americas economy by working towards equal conditions for individuals, stopping political corruption and increasing government intervention on social and economic issues. Progressivists were social activists and political reformers working to improve conditions and the treatment of the AmericanRead MoreProgressive Era Essay889 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Progressive Era and the New Deal. Rapid changes after the Civil War brought on a need for economic, social and political reforms. Before the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government took a very hands-off approach and had little involvement in, and little care for the welfare of the American people. With the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government became more involved and responsive to the public and implemented many revis ions and reforms. The Progressive Era was

The Freedom Of Speech And Democratic Rights - 1637 Words

Legal membership is essential in a country in order for citizens to enjoy the rights, responsibilities and equity the country has to offer. Many nations across the world have some type of citizenship model which allows the individuals of a country to enact their political and legal rights destined to them from birth simply because they are human beings and citizens of such countries. Political and legal rights are protected and known as first generation negative rights; they include the rights fundamental to political and legal freedoms. They include political freedoms such as freedom of speech and democratic voting rights as well as legal rights involving habeas corpus and equality before the law. Together these rights guarantee open democratic participation and protect individuals from the abuse of excessive power of the state and other larger groups. Throughout Australian history the recognition of Indigenous rights have been construed to a large extent. Although Indigenous Austra lians still struggle in achieving equal political and legal rights, the recognition of such rights for the indigenous people have improved and grown substantially as this essay will prove to show the key event steps which have led and made for the implementation of equality in political and legal rights for indigenous Australians. The beginning of the 1960’s sparked as a step in the achievement of basic rights for the aboriginal people. Though the key fundamental stepping stone in recognisingShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech On Free Speech Rights1181 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Students and their right to free speech have been debated for decades. Public schools have been challenged on many occasions for denying students their First Amendment right. Over the years the courts have ruled in favor of students and school districts. Outcomes of these rulings have varied according to the nature and extent of the student speech in question. This paper will discuss different interpretations of free speech rights for students under the Constitution’s First AmendmentRead MoreThe Freedom Of The Press1124 Words   |  5 Pagesof Rights. This Bill of Rights essentially protects Americans from the government. Among the ten original amendments, the first amendment is often looked at as one of the most important, protecting the right to practice religion, to assemble, to petition the government, and the freedom of the press. The protection of these rights is essential to help maintain the United States a free and democratic country. I believe the most important rig hts are the right to practice religion and the freedom ofRead MoreThe Freedom Of Speech, And Gun Ownership Rights1665 Words   |  7 Pageshomosexual rights, freedom of speech, and gun ownership rights. The Democratic Party is seen to be liberal political party. Looking on my views I do believe to see myself as a more democratic thinker even though there are a few things that do line up with the republican side. With all three of these topics that we are talking about it really makes me realize what all the ups and the dons are with each of these topics. Gun ownership rights that democrats believe in is the individual s right to bearRead MoreThe Importance of the First Amendment of the United States’ Bill of Rights for Democratic Government and its Citizens787 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant rights of the people to maintain a connected society right to speech should be accepted to do so. The first amendment is one of the most fundamental rights that individuals have. It is fundamental to the existence of democracy and the respect of human dignity. This amendment describes the principal rights of the citizens of the United States. If the citizens were unable to criticize the government, it would be impossible to regulate order. By looking freedom of speech there is also freedom ofRead MoreThe Delicate Balance of Regulating Freedom of Speech806 Words   |  3 PagesIs the Freedom of the press really â€Å"free† when it comes bearing stipulations and regulations? Should we as citizens then live as a democratic society wh ere freedom of speech and press is completely unregulated? For those readers who say yes, would you then be willing to legalize types of speech like slander or defamation of character and reputation? This is precisely the tricky and delicate balance that democratic societies like the United States often have to weigh in which different social valuesRead MoreComparative Analysis Of The Press And Its Role On Civil Liberties1378 Words   |  6 PagesBaylee Bell PSCI 2012 Professor Carew Boulding 2 December 2014 Freedom of the Press and its Role on Civil Liberties: A Comparative Analysis of Democracy in China and Japan Two of the greatest powers in the modern world are China and Japan. Both countries have dealt with civil unrest and violence to establish the governments that exist today, and both maintain status as major economic powers in the modern global trade markets. Located a mere 1000 miles apart, these two countries share many similaritiesRead MoreA Leader : A Great Deal Of Criticism From Politicians, Media, And Politics1494 Words   |  6 Pagesalike. Accordingly, no leader is faced with more opposition and scrutiny than the leader of a nation. How the leader responds to this criticism varies greatly across the world, depending on what type of government is instilled in that nation. In a democratic state, such as the United States, the President can do virtually nothing to silence his critics and opposition. This is apparent on the numerous news channels and in editorial opinion pieces printed in newspapers. In an authoritarian state, howeverRead MoreIn The United States All Citizens Hav e A Guaranteed Right1437 Words   |  6 PagesStates all citizens have a guaranteed right to express their thoughts and ideas to a certain extent that is. Under the First Amendment in the Constitution it states that the people have the ability to speak freely. Free speech is a concept that has different variations as to how expansive it should be and can be discussed by four individuals with differing theories on the justification for this right. The four theories are the Utility of Truth by Mill, Democratic Self Government by Alexander MeicklejohnRead MoreFreedom of Speech Mill and Freiberg1505 Words   |  7 PagesMEANINGFUL FREEDOM Freedom of speech is the key element of the real democracies. Freedom of speech is also concerned to the idea that people can speak freely without being stopped, or censored. Freedom of speech is briefly hallmark of democracy because democracy is based on independent thoughts of people. In a democratic society people are allowed to express their views freely and peacefully. There will be no democracy if freedom of speech isnt granted to people. Where there is freedom ofRead MoreDemocracy Is A System Of Rule By People Of Wealth803 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Open to Debate,†Natural that an elite class will develop to which the masses will defer. This is what has happened in all societies under all governments tried up until that time and this is what will develop in the new government despite its democratic pretensions. The Federalist essentially argued that the common man is not adequately informed about politics and government or is simply not capable of governing. On e must therefore be hesitant about giving too much power to the masses.†( Braunwarth

Death of Eratosthenes free essay sample

Assignment #1 Eratosthenes 1. Discuss the degree of verisimilitude in the account of events Verisimilitude in short, is the appearance of truth. The more truthful that something seems, the closer it is to the actual truth. Euphiletos was on trial for conspiracy to commit murder. Given the facts from this case I would have to say that he is innocent. If we are to just go by the facts and testimony, Euphiletos was justified for the murder of Eratosthenes because Athenian law allowed him such justice. On the other hand the part that makes me feel that he was guilty is the fact that he was â€Å"prepared† to find his wife in bed with another man.Regardless of how he obtained that information, he was in a way expecting that. We will see in the arguments that even though in Euphiletos’ mind he was expecting to walk in on his wife committing adultery, his argument will support the fact that there is doubt it was completely pre meditated. We will write a custom essay sample on Death of Eratosthenes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its all a matter of painting the right picture, regardless of what you believe and don’t believe. 2. Summarize the arguments that Euphiletos was not guilty of conspiracy. Are these arguments probable? Comment on eachIn Paragraph 23 Euphiletos talks about how he went around to gather different neighbors from around his home. Some were home and some were not and some were out of town. He gathered the biggest crowd he could. It didn’t matter if he knew them or not. If this were a conspiracy to commit murder then he would’ve only gathered people he knew. In paragraph 41 Euphiletos says that he went to his friend Harmodios’s house to find that he was abroad. If this were pre-meditated he would’ve only called upon his friends who lived close by as opposed to running around town at night in search of anyone he could find.These are the best arguments to show that Euphiletos didn’t conspire to commit murder. The real issue to me seems to be what the law is to be interpreted as. It seems that if we follow the letter of the law than he was innocent. Even though we all know it was pre-mediated, there is no crime against a person who has an â€Å"intuition† that his wife was going to be in bed with another man. There is no crime in gathering individuals to gather at your home. There is no crime making sure that your slave leaves the door open to your home. Regardless of what it looks like, Euphiletos did not break the law. 3. Could Lysias succeed as a lawyer today? Why or why not. I think that Lysias would be a successful lawyer today because he is very good at painting a picture of innocence. He made Euphiletos out to be a naive husband who after being wronged justified his legal rights by carrying out the murder of a man who seduced his wife. The case he built reminded me of some of the best defense lawyers of our generation. They all shared similar characteristics in that they were able to paint that picture of â€Å"reasonable doubt†.

dday Essays - Military History By Country, Operation Overlord

Castillo 1 Hugo Castillo Mrs. Tobon American History(H) 4 October 2010 D-Day ?You will enter the continent of Europe and? undertake operations at the heart of Germany and the destruction of her armed forces,? General Dwight D. Eisenhower?s orders. What was D-Day? D-Day is used in the military to express the day an operation is initiated. The ?D? in D-Day is derived from the word Day, creating the phrase Day of Days. D-Day took place on June 6, 1944, where 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France (The United States Army Homepage) Preparation The U.S had different views on how to underttake the invasion compared to those of British plans. British wanted to avoid the costly frontal assaults of World War I and concentrate on attacking the weaker Axis ally, Italy and by doing so limiting Soviet advance into Europe. The U.S had a different plan they believed that an optimum approach was the shortest route to Germany emanating from the strongest Allied power base and was the only Castillo 2 option they would support in the long term. The operation was named Operation Overload and was carried out on June 6, 1944 (AbsoluteAstronomy). In planning, the invasion detailed planning was undergoing months before the actual day of the attck. Pictures of France for holiday and tourist cards for an exhibition were taken and from there Normandy beaches were singled out to create detailed geological maps of the area. Tests on similar beaches in Norfolk in 1943 showed the beaches were not capable of weight of heavy tanks and transport, so detailed maps of the area were required. In December 1943, Operation Postage Able used an X-craft to collect suitable data for all of the beaches (AbsoluteAstronomy). New technology were developed for this operation. The "mulberry", a mobile, prefabricated concrete harbor, allowed the Allies to supply their beachhead without capturing one of the heavily defended Channel ports. A great asset in the operation was Major-General Percy Hobart was an unconventional military engineer, he created a force of modified Sherman and Churchill tanks known as Hobart's Funnies (AbsoluteAstronomy). They were a number of unusually modified tanks operated during World War II and created in light of problems that more standard tanks experienced, which were used at Normandy to great effect (Time). Two Deception plans that were created by the Allies were Operation Bodyguard, created to persuade the Germans that areas other than northern France would be threatened as well, and in order to persuade the Germans that the main invasion would really take place at the Pas de Calais The other was Operation Fortitude, to lead them to expect an invasion of Castillo 3 Norway, the Allies prepared a massive deception plan. Op. Fortitude was broken up into two sub-ops ?North? which would lead the Axis to expect an attack on Norway; and ?South? which was designed to lead the Germans to expect the main invasion at the Pas de Calais, and to hold back forces to guard against this threat rather than rushing them to Normandy. Other strategies to deceive was deployed dummy paratroopers over Le Havre and Isigny, these dummies led the Germans to believe that an additional airborne assault had occurred; this tied up reinforcing troops and kept the true situation unclear (Time). Also, an illusion of a massive naval convoy sailing for the Cap d'Antifer (15 miles north of Le Havre) was created and intercepted on German radars (AbsoluteAstronomy). Operation Overload On June 6,1944, under the command of General Eisenhower, Allied naval forces, supported by strong air forces, began landing Allied armies on the northern coast of France. It was the first stage in the liberation of western Europe and a major step towards the defeat of Nazi Germany. The campaign was code-named Operation Overlord. The invasion began with overnight parachute and glider landings, massive air attacks, naval bombardments, early morning amphibious landings on five beaches codenamed Juno, Gold, Omaha, Utah, and Sword and during the evening the remaining elements of the parachute divisions landed. The "D-Day" forces deployed from bases along the south coast of England. The greatest invasion in history relied on an intricate multi-attack plan. The U.S invaded Omaha and Utah beach on its

How To Enable Readability Measures in Microsoft Word 2007

How To Enable Readability Measures in Microsoft Word 2007 The Readability Measures feature in Microsoft Word and Outlook are helpful tools to measure words per sentence, passive voice percentage, the Flesch Reading Ease, and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level in your documents. Together, they offer a measure of the clarity in your business writing. Thanks to Corporate Geek for this clear explanation of how to configure Readability Measures in Microsoft Word 2007: First, click on the Office Button and then go to Word Options, as shown below. In the Word Options window, go to the Proofing section. In that section, check the option which says ‘Show readability statistics’ and click on OK. Once this option is enabled, you can check the readability of any text by pressing the F7 key. Microsoft Word 2007 will first make a spell check of the selected text and, at the end, it will show you the readability statistics. How To Enable Readability Measures in Microsoft Outlook 2007 In Microsoft Outlook 2007, the procedure is slightly different. First, go to Tools - Options. In the Options window, go to the Spelling tab. It is a good idea to check the two available options: ‘Always check spelling before sending’ and ‘Ignore original message text in reply or forward’. By enabling these options, Outlook will always check the correctness of your e-mails before sending them. Once you have done this, click on the ‘Spelling and AutoCorrection’ button. In the Editor Options window, go to the Proofing section. Check the option which says ‘Show readability statistics’ and click on OK. Now, before sending an e-mail message, Outlook will first make a spell check of your message and then will show you the readability statistics. If you did not check the ‘Always check spelling before sending’ option from the Spelling tab, Outlook will not check automatically the readability of your message. You can do this manually by pressing the F7 key before sending the message. NOTE: The readability statistics are not available for Powerpoint and Excel. You won’t find them in the configuration options. In Microsoft Office 2003, the readability statistics are available only in Word.

India Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

India - Assignment Example It becomes the crux of globalization phenomenon. In a globalised world, companies spread their businesses to other countries too. What are the key indicators of international business? A layman will list export and import as indicators of international business. Globalization, industrialization and urbanization will be the response of an environmentalist, but an economist’s answer will be FDI, GDP, GNI, GNP and HDI. In this content, let us take an outlook on the international business in relation to India. India, a country with diversity in culture and society, had made path breaking growth in international business. After the initiation of economic reforms in early 1990s, foreign investors are finding it easier to do business. Now, India exports software to around 90 countries. Historical background of the topic under study GDP and GNP are used in business and economic forecasting. Both measure the status of the economy, but calculations and applications are different. GDP st ands for gross domestic product, which can be defined as the estimated value of the country’s production and services, within its boundary, calculated during one fiscal year. The Bretton Woods conference held in 1944, promoted GDP as a standard tool in Economic analysis of a country. China re-designed this standard GDP in 2006 and created an index known as ‘Green GDP’, which also took environmental factors into consideration. In 1990, United Nations launched the Human Development index, which is the sum of human development factors such as education, life expectancy and health in a country. GNI (Gross national income) is similar to GNP, the only difference being indirect business taxes not deducted while calculating GNP. If an individual or company from one country invests in business of another country, it is called foreign direct investment. Every country has a different history in terms of FDI. This one index can be a paramount indicator to analyze the extent of international business in a country. In India, two attempts to liberalize economy were made in 1966 and 1985, but both resulted in vain. The first successful attempt was made in 1991 during a period of crisis. â€Å"In 1991, after India faced a balance of payments crisis, it had to pledge 20 tons of gold to Union Bank of Switzerland and 47 tons to Bank of England as part of a bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund†(Wire Bureau, 2013). Current situation analysis The current situation in India needs a special mention. â€Å"CAD narrows to 1.2% of GDP, but India not out of woods as overseas loan repayments loom† (Gayatri, 2013).This was a very recent case, but India had survived many hardships in the recent past. When the US state financial crisis badly affected economies of world countries, India suffered only little due to its high internal domestic consumption and stability. Since 1991, India gradually transformed from closed door economy to open door eco nomy. In fiscal year 2011 to 2012, the country attracted US$46.8 billion as FDI in various sectors. There are few industries where foreign investment is prohibited, but these kinds of restrictions are gradually getting removed. The government recently cleared 20 proposals of foreign direct investment (FDI) worth Rs.916 crore, thus increasing FDI flow. †(Wire Bureau, 2013). India continues to be an attractive destination for business with large human resource base, favorable demographic profile and diversified natural resources. QFI’

Essay qustions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qustions - Essay Example The health system is a formal and orderly process made to function through the expertise and corresponding functions of health professionals involved in the care of patients. 3. HIV prevention mainly relates to health education. There is no other way to prevent HIV than by the education of the people about the disease, its causes, mode of transmission, and means of prevention. HIV prevention involves the active process of informing other people – children, adolescents, and adults – about the disease and how they can avoid getting it and how they can prevent its spread. This process can entail involving oneself in lectures in schools and health centers; making posters, pamphlets, and other educational materials on HIV and posting or making such materials available in schools, clinics, health centers, town halls, pharmacies, and other public institutions. 4. Informatics health is the process of digitizing the health system or process. It is about bringing health care services and the system online and accessible to the public. Informatics health is about using computers in data entry in hospitals and other health care institutions. It is about using such data to make a more dynamic and technologically updated process in health care delivery. My motivation in life and in enrolling in this course is my need to prove that learning can occur and can still happen at any age or stage of one’s life. I also want to learn more and to learn as much as I can about the practice and about the innovations available in the practice. Learning is a powerful motivator for me because it is a very engaging and invigorating process for me. I managed to attain a Bachelor Degree in Laboratory Medicine in the year 2005-2006 and I followed that with a year of internship in a hospital. Such internship enabled me to acquire practical experience. It taught me numerous skills – skills that I was not able to gain in my classes. In order to enhance my

Exercise Addiction Essay Example for Free

Exercise Addiction Essay Exercise is important for the overall health and wellbeing of all people. People engage in physical activity for a variety of reasons. For some, being healthy is their only reason for exercising; for others, it may be to build more muscle, or gain endurance. â€Å"Exercise involves planned, structured, repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain physical fitness. † Exercise should always be beneficial; however excessive exercise can lead to harmful outcomes, and in come cases exercise can become an addiction. Exercise addiction has many of the same characteristics seen drug addiction such as: tolerance withdrawal, lack of control, intention effects, time, reduction in other activities, and continuance. Researchers have developed conceptually sound diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence, but have yet to determine a suitably convincing mechanism for its onset. In order to determine what type of interventions would be effective for treating or overcoming exercise addiction, researchers must first have an understanding of what causes the addiction. Understanding what psychological and physiological mechanisms are present in exercise addiction can help researchers to develop an intervention that will address all factors that nurture the addiction. The purpose of this study is to examine existing literature on the underlying mechanisms that could be responsible for the onset of exercise addiction in individuals in order to determine what types of intervention are needed to effectively treat exercise addiction. The study will include interviews to assess exercise addiction. Theoretical background In 1977, psychiatrist George L.  Engel released an article, The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine, in which he proposed the Biopsychosocial Model, or BPSM. 1 â€Å"The Biopsychosocial Model is a method of understanding health and illness through biological, psychological, and social factors. † 2 Prior to Engel’s model, the Medical Model was the primary approach to medicine. The Medical Model focused on finding a single specific cause of illness to cure the disease, not the person as a whole. In The Need for a New Medical Model, Engel outlined weaknesses of the Medical Model. Engel addressed the Medical Model as a reductionist approach to medicine. 3 The Medical Model suggested that all diseases could be reduced to a single underlying â€Å"measurable biological variable† and treated without consideration of the other factors that may be related to the onset of the disease or illness. 1 (p 319) According to Engel: †¦a medical model must also take into account the patient, the social context in which he lives, and the complementary system devised by society to deal with the disruptive effects of illness, that is, the physician role and the health care system. This requires the Biopsychosocial model. (p324) According to the Medical Model, health can be equated to an absence of disease. Engel argued that the biological factors found in the medical model are not sufficient to provide a full understanding of disease. The Medical Model neglected to take into consideration individuals who feel well and are diagnosed with a disease, as well as individuals who are free of disease but feel sick. Engel proposed, â€Å"a biopsychosocial model which includes the patient as well as the illness would encompass both circumstances. † 1(p324) The BPSM explains disease through biological, psychological, and social factors. The BPSM can be understood by examining the components of the model. 4 The biological component â€Å"plays a key role is the BPSM. † 2 This component of the BPSM explains disease in relation to physiological causes such as pathogens or disorder in the functioning of the individual’s body. 5 A plausible biological mechanism of exercise addiction is the beta-endorphin hypothesis. â€Å"Aerobic exercise is known to stimulate the release of beta endorphin and other endogenous opioid peptides that appear to exert analgesic effects and may also produce addictive behaviors. Endorphins can block stress and create feeling of euphoria in an individual. Individuals who exercise excessively will be more receptive to endorphins and could potentially develop a tolerance for the hormone. Once the individual has developed a tolerance for the beta-endorphins, he or she will need to exercise longer and harder to achieve the same effects as before tolerance. This leads to the individual engaging in addictive behaviors that can also be explained as psychological process. 7 The psychological component of the BPSM explains disease as a manifestation of the individual’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. â€Å"Psychological dependence causes an individual to feel they need a substance to feel good. † 2 Negative thinking, low self-esteem, personality disorder such as perfectionism, etc. , could cause the addictive behavior. For example, an individual who does not cope well with stress may form a behavioral habit of exercise in order to feel good; they are addicted to exercise because of its mood-boosting biological effects. â€Å"In a philosophical sense, the biopsychosocial model states that the workings of the body can affect the mind, and the workings of the mind can affect the body.   However, biological and psychological factors alone are still not sufficient to completely explain exercise addiction in individuals. 2 The sociological component of the BPSM explains how social factors such as culture or socioeconomic status can be an underlying cause of illness. The behavior of an individual can be closely related to the culture and peer groups to which they belong. An individual may become addicted to exercise because of pressures of social norms. For example, an individual may have developed an addiction to exercise as a result of peer pressures to be thin. Significance of Proposed Research  The biopsychosocial model can be used to conceptualize exercise addiction. It is important to study the BPSM because further research is needed to determine the etiology and effective treatment for exercise addiction. To successfully treat or overcome an addiction, the individual must address each component that contributes to the overall behavior. The significance of this study will be to improve understanding of exercise addiction using the biopsychosocial model, determine the types of intervention needed to treat exercise addiction, and develop, as well as, test a multicomponent clinical strategy for treating the addiction. Proposed Methods The study will involve the evaluation of the biopsychosocial model in relation to exercise addiction. The targeted population for this study includes the following: individuals who are physically active and individuals who are classified as addicted to exercise. In order to ensure an efficient sample will be chosen, the target population will consist of 100 individuals. The sampling technique that will be used is a survey type of research, the Exercise Addiction Inventory. The EAI will include questions such as â€Å"When I exercise do I feel guilty† and â€Å"Is exercise the most important thing of my life? † (8) From this research, a sample from the target population will be selected. The sample will include 10 males and 10 females who are classified as addictive exercisers, as well as 10 males and 10 females who are non-addictive exercisers. Individuals who are classified as addicted to exercise will be submitted and additional questionnaire that will identify whether the individual has evidence of physiological dependence or no physiological dependence. Conclusion Exercise addiction is a disorder that has many underlying and contributing factors. Previous research did not provide sound information on the mechanisms of exercise dependence. The biopsychosocial model approach to addiction can be used to formulate an intervention for individuals who are diagnosed with exercise addiction. In order to treat an exercise addiction all components of the individual and the disease should be addressed.

A Feared Ruler? :: essays research papers

Machiavelli was a man who was not worried about what was morally correct, but rather, what was politically deserved. He was in fact an honest and religious man, but he has become known for trickery and double-dealing. He thought that princes would have to start tricking his enemies, or even his people for the good of his state. In my opinion, his theory, â€Å"It is better to be feared than loved† is saying that when the people fear their ruler, the ruler will most likely get what he wants. When a ruler has control and intimidation over his people, they will most likely do what he says and follow his rules, out of fear. Some people might argue and say that if a ruler is loved than people will respect him and follow his rules. This is true, except, it is harder to get people to love and respect their ruler so much as to do everything they are told, than it is to get them to fear their ruler. Out of the three monarchs: Louis of France, Henry of England, and Ferdinand of Spain, I think Louis definitely exhibited Machiavelli’s theory the best. Louis depended on trickery, intimidation and bribery to get what he wanted. These three characteristics are exactly what Machiavelli believes in. Louis wanted to weaken the powers on the great lords in France so that he had all the power. Any noble that resisted Louis’s rule was bribed or threatened until the noble agreed with Louis. Once there was a cardinal who disobeyed Louis. He was locked in a small cage for 11 years. He couldn’t even stand up or sit down. The people under Louis’ rule were very scared of him that they were willing to put up anything to impress and agree with him. Louis was aiming for people to fear him though. I think he felt that it would in fact be easier to get people to fear him rather than respect him.

Explore the behavioral and humanistic theory Essay

INTRODUCTION This project, emphasis is on the behavioral theory and humanistic theory. My research constructed chiefly on two behavioral theorists Burrhus Fredric Skinner and John Broadus Watson and two humanistic theorists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. In behavioral theory, the founder of psychological behaviorism, John Watson believed that internal thinking process could not be observed; therefore, psychologists should not focus on it. An American psychologist, Burrhus Fredric Skinner social philosopher behaviorist, inventor, and author, developed the theory of Operant conditioning believed we learn new behavior through traditional or operant conditioning and all behavior is learnt from the environment. One of the early pioneers of humanistic psychology was Abraham Maslow; he established the hierarchy levels of needs and believed that by achieving the needs in the correct order would allow individuals to become self-actualized. However, Carl Rogers a psychologist and father of Client–centered theory felt that in addition to Maslow’s hierarchical needs, in order for someone to achieve self-actualization they need to be in a positive environment. Which would provide them with, approval, understanding and authenticity, and if one were deprive of such nourishment in an environment, healthy personalities and relationships would be unable to blossom. Humanistic Theory Emphasis of the humanistic perspective is on the self, which interprets into â€Å"you†, and â€Å"your† opinion of â€Å"your† experiences. This assessment claims that you are permitted to select your own performance, rather than responding to environmental stimuli and reinforcers. Such as matters dealing with self-esteem, self-fulfilment, and needs are vital, the chief focus is to enable personal development. There are two major theorists associated with this view Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Carl Rogers feels that each individual functions from an exceptional frame of reference in terms of building self-regard or his or her self-concept. As we know, self-concept is one’s own belief about one’s self. Such beliefs stem, in part, from the perception of unconditional positive affection which occurs when individuals, (especially parents), exhibit unconditional love, and  conditional positive affection happens when that love appears only when cert ain conditions are met. Rogers’s theory states that psychologically healthy people enjoy life to the fullest; hence, they are seen as fully functioning individuals. Carl believed that, along with Maslow’s hierarchical needs a loving, respectable, and truthful environment has a big part to play in developing a person, and without such commodities in the environment; healthy personalities and relationships would not be able to grow. Nevertheless, Abraham Maslow developed his theory not by studying mentally ill patients, (which is where much psychological knowledge derived from), but by studying healthy, productive, creative individuals lives and careers. Maslow felt that individuals have definite needs that must be met in a hierarchical fashion, from the lowest to highest. These comprise f basic needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, achievement needs, and ultimately, self-actualization, according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the needs must be achieve in order. For example, one would be incapable of fulfilling their safety needs if their physiological needs are not met. This theory founded upon the knowledge that everyone has the prospective to contribute to the social order and be a respectable person if his or her needs are attained. Psychotherapy Humanistic psychology introduced in the 1950’s as a movement to bring psychology to an understanding of what it means to be a person. The theory took psychology beyond unconscious thoughts, beliefs or behavioral responses to stimuli, to a process of understanding free will, feelings, ethics and relationships with others. Humanistic psychotherapy was initially promoted as a â€Å"third force† in psychotherapy. Humanistic theory seems to provide both the therapist and client the opportunity to focus on what the client is doing right, as well as the challenges that he or she may face. Given the emphasis on emotional genuineness, humanistic psychotherapists place a great deal of importance on the therapist  ¬client relationship. One could argue that humanistic theory cannot be taken seriously because it is intent on blending the medical and scientific along with philosophy and subjectivity. Yet, if the APA affirms that, the theory’s focus is â€Å"on people’s capacity to make rational choices and develop to their maximum potential† (APA.org), it  is difficult to determine if the critics of the theory have a valid case. Nevrtheless, added methodologies also identify the significance on the therapist  ¬client relationship, viewing the relationship mainly as a means of providing the treatment. In humanistic therapy, the relationship is the treatment. The Major Concepts of Humanistic Theory Humanism came about as a reaction to the theories of psychoanalysis and behaviourism. Humanists felt that focusing on unconscious thoughts in psychoanalysis ignored the thoughts humans were having and the experiences they caused. Unlike behaviourists, humanists felt humans have more control over their responses than to simply be a puppet to conditioning. These new thinkers focused on what it was to be human and the entire spectrum of human feeling. Qualitative Research and Idiographic Approach †¢The humanists believed that statistics and numbers told very little about the human experience and were, therefore, irrelevant as research. The only thing that mattered was so-called qualitative research, such as case studies, unstructured interviews and diary accounts. This also outlines an idiographic approach, or studying individuals. Only by experiencing what it means to be human can the researcher truly understand what a person is going through. Humanists believed in studying individuals in-depth to understand the human condition. The Self and Congruence †¢Humanists believed that the ultimate aim of human beings was to achieve a state of congruence. This is when the actual self is the same as the ideal self. They believed in the constant pursuit of self-knowledge and self-improvement to achieve this state. All people are thought to have inherent worth merely by being human. A person’s actions may be positive or negative, but that does not affect his worth. Holism †¢The person in humanism is studied as a whole. She is not looked at in separate parts but is looked at as an entire unit. The theories that came before the humanists focused on the unconscious mind or observable behavior  rather than on how a person thinks and feels. This theory was groundbreaking for focusing on what it means to be human rather than the scientific, laboratory data that other theories produced. Hierarchy of Needs †¢Abraham Maslow was one of the pioneers of the humanist movement. He developed a pathway of needs that people must meet in order to achieve self-actualization or congruence. It starts off with the need for physical things, such as air, food and water. The pyramid moves on to the need for safety, love and belonging, self-esteem and then knowledge. It ends with the pursuit of aesthetics and then self-actualization. This is where a person achieves his entire potential. This is a point not many people ever reach. Free Will †¢People who believe in free will believe that humans have the ability to choose how to live their lives free of any external forces making them chose. Humanists believe that all people have this ability and can exercise it at any time. Instead of believing that things such as behavioral conditioning or animalistic drives determine our choices, humanists believe that we naturally want to choose the positive path and will do so freely Theoretical Concepts Underlying Humanistic Theory The motivation for the development of humanism was a reaction against the idea of the human as a machine, towards a holistic and inherently optimistic view of people. The humanistic or â€Å"third force† perspective is based on the belief that the sources of personal distress lie in the conscious mind and result from experience (George Boeree 1998b). Maslow developed a theory of personal motivation based on the idea of a hierarchy of needs (Noel Sheehy 2004 p163, George Boeree 1998a). At the top of this hierarchy Maslow believed was the possibility of self-actualisation, but he saw it as a rare achievement reached by only a very few people, since in his theory all lower-level needs had to be met before self-actualisation could take place. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Rogers also believed in self-actualisation, but in contrast to Maslow, believed that it was a motivating force in all humans he saw babies as the  best examples of self-actualisation. This led to the core concept in humanistic theory the Actualising Tendency (Steve Vincent 1999). This is the tendency to thrive that is built-in to human beings. This tendency also implies that people are inherently good and healthy this is a given. The emphasis then in humanistic therapies is on the â€Å"potentiality model† of human development rather than the â€Å"deficiency model† of other therapies (Dave Mearns et al. 2000 p33). Rogers proposed that distress is a result of incongruence in the individual (George Boeree 1998b, Brian Thorne 2003 p31). The greater the incongruence, the greater the distress. Incongruity is the difference between the Real Self, which is the you that you can become as a result of self-actualisation, and the Ideal Self, which is the you created by external pressures such as society, family. Thus incongruence is like the tension in an elastic band attaching the two selves the greater the separation the greater the tension. A person has a basic need for Positive Regard. However, in society this is made conditional there are social attitudes that say you are only worthy if you conform. These Conditions of Worth combine with the in-built need for positive regard to create Conditional Positive Regard and this shapes the Ideal Self as something other than the Real Self conditions of worth push the ideal self away from the real self and generate incongruence. In time this force becomes internalised as Conditional Positive Self-Regard so the person generates their own incongruence. The aim of therapy is to achieve Congruence the situation where Real Self and Ideal Self match or at least decrease incongruence and therefore distress (Carl R. Rogers 1961 p279). This is achieved by building an unconditional sense of self-worth which then gets internalised as Unconditional Positive Self-Regard. In the therapeutic relationship, counsellor and client form a personal relationship rather than a power-based professional one and it is the quality of this relationship that is key to success. It is Rogers’ claim that there are just three Core Conditions which a therapist must achieve for therapy to be effective (Carl R. Rogers et al. 1967 p89). The first is that the counsellor must be Congruent that is, without a front or professional mask in the therapeutic relationship and that the counsellor must share this congruence with the client. Secondly, the counsellor must be Empathic towards the client, that is they experience the client’s internal world and can sh are this with the  client, but without losing the separation between the counsellor’s world and the client’s. Finally, the counsellor’s view of the client must be one of Unconditional Positive Regard, one of accepting and prizing the client as a whole, without reservations or judgements. There are other forms of humanistic therapy than the Rogerian person-centred approach. Probably the best known is Gestalt therapy, founded by Fritz Perls (Gary Yontef 1993, Frederick S. Perls 1957). This has much in common with Rogers’ theories in that it focuses on process rather than content, in which counsellor and client share their perception, with the intention of allowing the client to become aware of their internal process, how they are doing it and how they can change it. There is a strong emphasis on acceptance and self-valuing. One aspect of Gestalt theory that is not present in Rogerian theory is the idea of Unfinished Situations. The idea is that a person’s natural state is one of homeostasis. However, whenever something, such as an upsetting situation, happens to the person, that disturbs the balance. The normal outcome is that the person responds in such a way as to restore the balance or a different balance that accommodates a change. However, if the nat ural response is interrupted, for example by social pressures not to respond, the person stays out of balance. This is an unfinished situation and Gestalt therapy aims to finish this situation and restore balance again. Critically Examine the Humanistic Theory The humanistic theory has profoundly affected our society. It provided much of the impetus for a broad social movement of the 1960s and 1970s in which many people searched inward to find direction and meaning to their lives. It renewed the age-old debate about free will and determinism and focused attention on the need to understand the subjective or conscious experiences of individuals (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). Rogers’s method of therapy, client-centered therapy, remains highly influential. And perhaps most important of all, humanistic theorists helped restore to psychology the concept of self that center of our conscious experience of being in the world. Yet the very strength of the humanistic viewpoint, its focus on conscious experience, is also its greatest weakness when approached as a scientific endeavor. Ultimately your conscious experience is known or knowable only to an audience of one you. Yet how can humanistic  psychologists ever be certain that they are measuri ng with any precision the private, subjective experience of another person? Humanistic psychologists might answer that we should do our best to study conscious experience scientifically, for to do less is to ignore the very subject matter human experience we endeavor to know. Indeed, they have been joined by cognitive psychologists in developing methods to study conscious experience, including rating scales and thought diaries that allow people to make public their private experiences to report their thoughts, feelings, and attitudes in systematic ways that can be measured reliably. Though verbal or written statements of private experiences are a step removed from consciousness itself, they provide a means that scientists can use to study people’s subjective experiences. Critics also contend that the humanistic approach’s emphasis on self fulfillment may lead some people to become self-indulgent and so absorbed with themselves that they develop a lack of concern for others. Even the concept of self-actualization poses challenges. For one thing, humanistic psychologists consider self-actualization to be a drive that motivates behavior toward higher purposes. Yet how do we know that this drive exists? If self-actualization means different thin gs to different people one person may become self-actualized by pursuing an interest in botany, another by becoming a skilled artisan how can we ever measure self-actualization in a standardized way? To this, humanistic psychologists might respond that because people are unique, we should not expect to apply the same standard to different people. Humanistic Theory Usefulness to Nursing Practice Nurses provide individual care recognizing the holistic needs of the patient. Nurses seek to understand the health needs of the people they work with but also to change their behaviours, thoughts and feelings to enhance the well-being of the person, not only at present moment but also for the future. At times nurses need to provide very basic care for the people they work with but they are always looking to develop the person’s ability to be more independent in any area of their life. Nurses can use psychological research and theories to enhance their nursing practice, and most nursing practice has a foundation in psychology, sociology or biology. Nursing now  has developed its own unique body of knowledge but other sciences can still enhance nurses’ understanding and practice. Applying Theories to Healthcare Practice allows growth in a positive way for both the client and the nurse. Spontaneity, the importance of emotions and feelings, the right of individuals to make their own choices, and human creativity are the cornerstones of a humanistic approach to learning (Rogers, 1994; Snowman & Biehler, 2006). The major contribution that Rogers added to nursing practice is the understandings that each client is a unique individual, so, person-centered approach is practice in nursing. Humanistic theory is especially compatible with nursing’s focus on caring and patient centeredness an orientation that is increasingly challenged by the emphasis in medicine and health care on science, technology, cost efficiency, for profit medicine, bureaucratic organization, and time pressures. Like the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic perspective is largely a motivational theory. From a humanistic perspective, motivation is derived from each person’s needs, sub jective feelings about the self, and the desire to grow. A positive self-concept, and open situations in which people respect individuality and promote freedom of choice. Maslow (1954, 1987), best known for identifying the hierarchy of needs which he says plays an important role in human motivation and nursing care. At the bottom of the hierarchy are physiological needs (food, warmth, sleep); then come safety needs; then the need for belonging and love; followed by self-esteem. At the top of the hierarchy are self-actualization needs (maximizing one’s potential). Additional considerations include cognitive needs (to know and understand) and, for some individuals, aesthetic needs (the desire for beauty). An assumption is that basic-level needs must be met before individuals can be concerned with learning and self actualizing. Thus, clients who are hungry, tired, and in pain will be motivated to get these biological needs met before being interested in learning about their medications, rules for self care, and health education. Beside s personal needs, humanists contend that self-concept and self-esteem are necessary considerations in any situation. The therapist Carl Rogers (1961, 1994) argued that what people want is unconditional positive self regard (the feeling of being loved without strings attached). It is essential that those in positions of authority  convey a fundamental respect for the people with whom they work. If a health professional is prejudiced against patients, then little will be healing or therapeutic in her relationship with them until she is genuinely able to feel respect for the patient as an individual. Rather than acting as an authority, say humanists, the role of any educator or leader is to be a facilitator (Rogers, 1994). Listening rather than talking is the skill needed. Because the uniqueness of the individual is fundamental to the humanistic perspective much of the learning experience requires a direct relationship. Safe clinical environments, where humanistic principles can be taught through caring, role modeling, small group discussion, case discussions, attention to self-awareness and feelings, role playing. Humanistic psychology contends that feeling. Humanistic principles have been a cornerstone of self-help groups, wellness programs, and palliative care. Humanistic theory has also been found to be well suited to working with children and young patients undergoing separation anxiety due to illness, surgery, and recovery (Holyoake,1998) and for working in the areas of mental health and palliative care (Barnard, Hollingum, & Hartfiel, 2006). Similar to psychodynamic theory, a principal emphasis is on the healing nature of the therapeutic relationship (Pearson, 2006) and the need for nursing students and health professionals to grow emotionally from their healthcare experiences (Block & Billings, 1998). Principles Derived From Humanistic Theory t o Improve Assess and Plan Care for Mentally Ill Client. Sometimes people understand psychosis or schizophrenia to be unrelenting, even with the intervention of psychotherapy. It is contended herein that therapy, and humanistic therapy in particular, can be helpful to the psychotic individual, but, perhaps, the therapist may have difficulty understanding how this approach can be applied to the problems of psychosis. Although it is a prevalent opinion in our society that schizophrenics are not responsive to psychotherapy, it is asserted herein that any therapist can relate in a psychotic individual, and, if therapy is unsuccessful, this  failure may stem from the therapist’s qualities instead of those of the psychotic individual. Carl Rogers created a theory and therapy indicated by the terms â€Å"umanistic theory† and â€Å"person-centered therapy†. This theoretical perspective postulates many important ideas, and several of these ideas are pertinent to this discussion. The first of these is the idea of â€Å"condi tions of worth†, and the idea of â€Å"the actualizing tendency.† Rogers asserts that our society applies to us â€Å"conditions of worth†. This means that we must behave in certain ways in order to receive rewards, and receipt of these rewards imply that we are worthy if we behave in ways that are acceptable. As an example, in our society, we are rewarded with money when we do work that is represented by employment. In terms of the life of a schizophrenic, these conditions of worth are that from which stigmatization proceeds. The psychotic individuals in our society, without intentionality, do not behave in ways that produce rewards. Perhaps some people believe that schizophrenics are parasites in relation to our society. This estimation of the worth of these individuals serves only to compound their suffering. The mentally ill and psychotic individuals, in particular, are destitute in social, personal and financial spheres. Carl Roger’s disapproved of conditions of worth, and, in fact, he believed that human beings and other organisms strive to fulfill their potential. This striving represents what Roger’ s termed â€Å"the actualizing tendency† and the â€Å"force of life.† This growth enhancing aspect of life motivates all life forms to develop fully their own potential. Rogers believed that mental illness reflects distortions of the actualizing tendency, based upon faulty conditions of worth. It is clear that psychotic people deal with negatively skewed conditions of worth. It is an evident reality that the mentally ill could more successfully exist in the world if stigmas were not applied to them. The mentally ill engage in self-denigration and self-laceration that culminate in the destruction of selfhood. This psychological violence toward the mentally ill is supported by non-mentally ill others. The type of self-abuse by psychotic individuals would certainly abate if the normative dismissal of the mentally ill as worthless is not perpetuated. In spite of a prevalent view that psychotic individuals are unsuccessful in the context of psychotherapy, Roger’s theory and therapy of compassion cannot be assumed to be unhelpful to the mentally ill. The key components of Rogers’ approach to  psychotherapy include unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy and genuineness. Unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy and genuineness are considered to be qualities of the therapist enacted in relation to the client in terms of humanistic therapy. These qualities are essential to the process of humanistic therapy. In terms of these qualities, unconditional positive regard is a view of a person or client that is accepting and warm, no matter what that person in therapy reveals in terms of his or her emotional problems or experiences. This means that an individual in the context of humanistic psychotherapy, or in therapy with a humanistic psychologist or therapist, should expect the therapist to be accepting of whatever that individual reveals to the therapist. In this context, the therapist will be accepting and understanding regardless of what one tells the therapist. Accurate empathy is represented as understanding a client from that person’s own perspective. This means that the humanistic psychologist or therapist will be able to perceive you as you perceive yourself, and that he will feel sympathy for you on the basis of the knowledge of your reality. He will know you in terms of knowing your thoughts and feelings to ward yourself, and he will feel empathy and compassion for you based on that fact. . As another quality enacted by the humanistic therapist, genuineness is truthfulness in one’s presentation toward the client; it is integrity or a self-representation that is real. To be genuine with a client reflects qualities in a therapist that entail more than simply being a therapist. It has to do with being an authentic person with one’s client. Carl Rogers believed that, as a therapist, one could be authentic and deliberate simultaneously. This means that the therapist can be a â€Å"real† person, even while he is intentionally saying and doing what is required to help you. The goal of therapy from the humanistic orientation is to allow the client to achieve congruence in term of his real self and his ideal self. This means that what a person is and what he wants to be should become the same as therapy progresses. Self-esteem that is achieved in therapy will allow the client to elevate his sense of what he is, and self-esteem will also lessen his need to be better than what he is. Essentially, as the real self is more accepted by the client, and his raised self-esteem will allow him to be less than some kind of â€Å"ideal† self that he feels he is compelled to be. It is the qualities of unconditional positive  regard, accurate empathy and genuineness in the humanistic therapist that allow the therapist to assist the client in cultivating congruence between the real self and the ideal self from that cli ent’s perspective. What the schizophrenic experiences can be confusing. It is clear that most therapists, psychiatrists and clinicians cannot understand the perspectives of the chronically mentally ill. Perhaps if they could understand what it is to feel oneself to be in a solitary prison of one’s skin and a visceral isolation within one’s mind, with hallucinations clamoring, then the clinicians who treat mental illness would be able to better empathize with the mentally ill. The problem with clinicians’ empathy for the mentally ill is that the views of mentally ill people are remote and unthinkable to them. Perhaps the solitariness within the minds of schizophrenics is the most painful aspect of being schizophrenics, even while auditory hallucinations can form what seems to be a mental populace. Based upon standards that make them feel inadequate, the mentally ill respond to stigma by internalizing it. If the mentally ill person can achieve the goal of congruence between the real self and the ideal self, their expectations regarding who â€Å"they should be† may be reconciled with an acceptance of â€Å"who they are†. As they lower their high standards regarding who they should be, their acceptance of their real selves may follow naturally. Carl Rogers said, â€Å"As I accept myself as I am, only then can I change.† In humanistic therapy, the therapist can help even a schizophrenic accept who they are by reflecting acceptance of the psychotic individual. This may culminate in curativeness, although perhaps not a complete cure. However, when the schizophrenic becomes more able to accept who they are, they can then change. Social acceptance is crucial for coping with schizophrenia, and social acceptance leads to self-acceptance by the schizophrenic. The accepting therapist can be a key component in reducing the negative consequences of stigma as it has affected the mental ill patient client. This, then, relates to conditions of worth and the actualizing tendency. â€Å"Conditions of worth† affect the mentally ill more severely than other people. Simple acceptance and empathy by a clinician may be curative to some extent, even for the chronically mentally ill. If the schizophrenic individual is released from conditions of worth that are entailed by stigmatization, then perhaps the actualizing tendency would assert itself in them in a positive way, lacking distortion. In the tradition of person-centered therapy, the client is allowed to lead the conversation or the dialogue of the therapy sessions. This is ideal for the psychotic individual, provided he believes he is being heard by his therapist. Clearly, the therapist’s mind will have to stretch as they seek to understand the client’s subjective perspective. In terms of humanistic therapy, this theory would seem to apply to all individuals, as it is based upon the psychology of all human beings, each uniquely able to benefit from this approach by through the growth potential that is inherent in them. In terms of the amelioration of psychosis by means of this therapy, Rogers offers hope. Behavioral Treatment Modalities that Evolved from Humanistic Theory Treatment modalities can be simply defined as methods of treatment. These are ways in which a doctor or an allied health professional would go about treating a condition. The major behavioral treatments in Humanistic Theory are: Client-Centered Therapy Carl Rogers and his client-centered therapy provide a clear example of the humanistic focus on the therapeutic relationship. Rogers wrote extensively about the process of fostering a warm and genuine relationship between therapist and client. He particularly noted the importance of empathy, or emotional understanding. Empathy involves putting yourself in someone else’s shoes and conveying your understanding of that person’s feelings and perspectives. The client-centered therapist does not act as an â€Å"expert† who knows more about the client than the client knows about himself or herself. Rather, the therapeutic goal is to share honestly in another human’s experience. Rogers encouraged self-disclosure on the part of the therapist, intentionally revealing aspects of the therapist’s own, similar feelings and experiences as a way of helping the client. Rogers also felt that client-centered therapists must be able to demonstrate unconditional positive regard for their clients. Unconditional positive regard involves valuing clients for who they are and refraining from judging them. Because of this basic respect for the client’s humanity, client-centered therapists  avoid directing the therapeutic process. According to Rogers, if clients are successful in experiencing and accepting themselves, they will achieve their own resolution to their difficulties. Thus client-centered therapy is nondirective. Gestalt therapy Gestalt therapy is a humanistic form of treatment developed by Perls. Perls viewed life as a series of figure-ground relationships. For example a picture is hanging on a wall. The picture is a figure and the wall is the back ground. For a healthy person current needs can be perceived clearly in that person’s life, just as figure can be perceived against a distinct ground (background).when current needs are satisfied, they fade into the ground and are replaced by new needs, which stand out in their turn and are equally recognizable. Perls believed that mental disorders represent disruptions in these figure-ground relationships. People who are unaware of their needs or unwilling to accept or express them are avoiding their real inner selves. They lack self awareness and self acceptance, they fear judgment of others. The technique of role playing that is to act out various roles assigned by the therapist. Therapies Identified in Humanistic Theory and their Therapeutic Benefits to the Client. The Benefits of Humanistic Therapy Applying Theories to Healthcare Practice allows growth in a positive way for both the client and the nurse. Spontaneity, the importance of emotions and feelings, the right of individuals to make their own choices, and human creativity are the cornerstones of a humanistic approach to learning (Rogers, 1994; Snowman & Biehler, 2006). During humanistic therapy sessions, patients are treated in a manner that emphasizes their innate goodness and potential. The humanistic therapist is encouraged to act in a manner consistent with the themes of unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness, and congruence. In an article on the website of the Association for Humanistic Psychology, humanistic psychologist Stan Charnofsky described the benefits of humanistic therapy in this manner: †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Humanistic therapy has  a crucial opportunity to lead our troubled culture back to its own healthy path. More than any other therapy, Humanistic-Existential therapy models democracy. It imposes upon the client least of all. Freedom to choose is maximized. We validate our clients’ human potential. Carl Rogers proposed that therapy could be simpler, warmer and more optimistic than that carried out by behavioral or psychodynamic psychologists. According to Carl Rogers he suggested that clients would be better helped if they were encouraged to focus on their current subjective understanding rather than on some unconscious motive or someone else’s interpretation of the situation. Rogers strongly believed that in order for a client’s condition to improve therapists should be warm, genuine and understanding. The starting point of the Rogerian approach to counseling and psychotherapy is best stated by Rogers (1986) himself. â€Å"It is that the individual has within himself or herself vast resources for self-understanding, for altering his or her self-concept, attitudes and self-directed behavior – and that these resources can be tapped if only a definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes can be provided.† Rogers rejected the deterministic n ature of both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. â€Å"As no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves.† (Gross, 1992) Believing strongly that theory should come out of practice, Rogers developed his theory based on his work with emotionally troubled people and claimed that we have a remarkable capacity for self-healing and personal growth leading towards self-actualization. He placed emphasis on the person’s current perception and how we live in the here-and-now. Theory is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as â€Å"the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself†. It consists of all the ideas and values that characterize ‘I’ and ‘me’ and includes perception and valuing of ‘what I am’ and ‘what I can do’. Consequently, the self concept is a central component of our total experience and influences both our perception of the world and perception of oneself. For instance, a woman who perceives herself as strong may well behave with confidence and come to see her actions as actions performed by someone who is confident. The self-concept  does not necessarily always fit with reality, though, and the way we see ourselves may differ greatly from how others see us. For example, a person might be very interesting to others and yet consider himself to be boring. He judges and evaluates this image he has of himself as a bore and this valuing will be reflected in his self-esteem. The confident woman may have a high self-esteem and the man who sees himself as a bore may have a low self-esteem, presuming that strength/confidence are highly valued and that being boring is not. Person Centered Therapy Personal Centered Therapy or client centered therapy. The Rogerian client-centered approach puts emphasis on the person coming to form an appropriate understanding of their world and themselves. A person enters person centered therapy in a state of incongruence. It is the role of the therapists to reverse this situation. Rogers (1959) called his therapeutic approach client-centered or person-centered therapy because of the focus on the person’s subjective view of the world. Rogers regarded every one as a â€Å"potentially competent individual† who could benefit greatly from his form of therapy. The purpose of Roger’s humanistic therapy is to increase a person’s feelings of self-worth, reduce the level of incongruence between the ideal and actual self, and help a person become more of a fully functioning person. Client-centered therapy operates according to three basic principles that reflect the attitude of the therapist to the client: 1. The therapist is congruent with the client. 2. The therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard. 3. The therapist shows empathetic understanding to the client. Congruence in Counseling  Congruence is also called genuineness. Congruence is the most important attribute in counseling, according to Rogers. This means that, unlike the psychodynamic therapist who generally maintains a ‘blank screen’ and reveals little of their own personality in therapy, the Rogerian is keen to allow the client to experience them as they really are. The therapist does not have a faà §ade (like psychoanalysis), that is, the therapist’s internal and external experiences are one in the same. In short, the therapist is authentic. Unconditional Positive Regard The next Rogerian core condition is unconditional positive regard. Rogers believed that for people to grow and fulfill their potential it is important that they are valued as themselves. This refers to the therapist’s deep and genuine caring for the client. The therapist may not approve of some of the client’s actions but the therapist does approve of the client. In short, the therapist needs an attitude of â€Å"I’ll accept you as you are.† The person-centered counselor is thus careful to always maintain a positive attitude to the client, even when disgusted by the client’s actions. Empathy is the ability to understand what the client is feeling. This refers to the therapist’s ability to understand sensitively and accurately [but not sympathetically] the client’s experience and feelings in the here-and-now. An important part of the task of the person-centered counselor is to follow precisely what the client is feeling and to communica te to them that the therapist understands what they are feeling. In the words of Rogers (1975), accurate empathic understanding is as follows: â€Å"If I am truly open to the way life is experienced by another person†¦if I can take his or her world into mine, then I risk seeing life in his or her way†¦and of being changed myself, and we all resist change. Since we all resist change, we tend to view the other person’s world only in our terms, not in his or hers. Then we analyze and evaluate it. We do not understand their world. But, when the therapist does understand how it truly feels to be in another person’s world, without wanting or trying to analyze or judge it, then the therapist and the client can truly blossom and grow in that climate.† Because the person-centered counselor places so much emphasis on genuineness and on being led by the client, they do not place the same emphasis on boundaries of time and technique as would a psychodynamic therapist. If they judged it appropriate, a person-centered counselor might diverge considerably from orthodox counseling techniques. As Mearns and Thorne (1988) point out, we cannot understand person-centered counseling by its techniques alone. The person-centered counselor has a very positive and optimistic view of human nature. The philosophy that people are essentially good, and that ultimately the individual knows what is right for them, is the essential ingredient of successful person centered therapy as â€Å"all about loving†.